CHECKLIST OF INSECT ECTOPARASITES OF MEXICAN BATS
ABSTRACT
A checklist of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Insecta) that parasitize Mexican bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) is presented: a total of 100 species grouped in 6 families and 3 orders are registered; these are recorded to infect a total of 69 species of bats in the country. The parasites are bat-flies of the families Nycteribiidae (10 species) and Streblidae (74 species) (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea), bat-bugs of the families Cimicidae (4 species) and Polyctenidae (1 species) (Hemiptera: Cimicoidea), bat-fleas of the family Ischnopsyllidae (10 species), and a chiggerflea of the family Tungidae (1 species) (Siphonaptera: Ceratophylloidea and Pulicoidea).
Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) are the only true flying mammals, and are the most widely distributed terrestrial mammals around the globe, except for the poles and some Oceanic islands (Frick et al., 2020). They are the second most diverse order, being only surpassed by rodents (Burgin et al., 2018). These airborne micromammals serve as hosts for several groups of parasites, including both helminth endoparasites (Agustín-Jiménez et al., 2017; Caspeta-Mandujano et al., 2017) as well as arthropod ectoparasites (Fig. 1) (Whitaker and Morales-Malacara, 2005).
Citation: The Journal of Parasitology 111, 5; 10.1645/24-38
Currently, there are 144 species of bats recorded in Mexico, grouped into 71 genera and 8 families: The families Natalidae (funnel-eared bats) and Thyropteridae (disk-winged bats) are the least diverse in the country, with 1 species each. The family Noctilionidae (fishing bats) is very close in number, with 2 species in 1 genus. Next are the families Mormoopidae (naked-backed bats) with 6 species in 2 genera; Emballonuridae (sheath-tailed bats) with 9 species in 6 genera; and Molossidae (free-tailed bats) with 18 species in 6 genera. Finally, the most diverse families are Vespertilionidae (vesper bats), with 46 species in 15 genera, and Phyllostomidae (New World leaf-nosed bats) with 61 species in 39 genera (Simmons and Cirranello, 2025).
The arthropod ectoparasites associated with bats can be divided into 2 large groups: the arachnids, which are represented by mites and ticks (Chelicerata: Arachnida: Acari), and the insects (Hexapoda: Insecta), which are represented by bat-flies of the families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (Fig. 1b) (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) (Dick and Patterson, 2006); bat-bugs of the families Cimicidae (Fig. 1a) and Polyctenidae (Hemiptera: Cimicoidea) (Schuh and Slater, 1995); and bat-fleas and a chiggerflea of the families Ischnopsyllidae and Tungidae (Fig. 1c) (Siphonaptera: Ceratophylloidea and Pulicoidea) (Medvedev and Krasnov, 2006; Hastriter et al., 2014). Both bat-fly families belong to the superfamily Hippoboscoidea, which also includes the Afrotropical tse-tse of the family Glossinidae and the louse-flies or keds of the family Hippoboscidae; the members of these families are all blood-sucking parasites (Reeves and Lloyd, 2019). The bat-bug families belong to the superfamily Cimicoidea, both being the only blood-sucking parasites in this taxon. Although all Polyctenidae are bat specialists, some Cimicidae feed on the blood of birds, and a couple feed on the blood of humans. Cimicidae commonly leave their host after feeding, whereas Polyctenidae spend their entire lives on their hosts (Schuh and Slater, 1995). All fleas feed on warm-blooded tetrapods; however, the bat-flea family Ischnopsyllidae is the only family that are all specialized to parasitize bats (Lewis and Lewis, 1994). The members of Ischnopsyllidae are motile and are commonly found both on and around their hosts and the female chiggerfleas of the family Tungidae, of which 1 species parasitizes bats, embed themselves in the bat’s skin (Hastriter and Méndez, 2000). Other bat associates that deserve mention are kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), particularly bat parasites such as Cavernicola pilosa Barber, 1937, found in Central and South America (do Nascimento et al., 2020); and the bat commensal earwigs of the family Arixeniidae (Dermaptera) found in Asia (Nakata and Maa, 1974).
A very thorough listing of Mexican mammal ectoparasites was written by Whitaker and Morales-Malacara (2005), and recently, a checklist of interactions between bat-flies and bats in the Neotropical region was published (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). The purpose of this article is to provide an update for the Mexican bat ectoparasites, specifically, for the insects (bat-flies, bat-bugs, and bat-fleas).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An extensive search of records of bat-flies, bat-bugs, bat-fleas, and chiggerfleas parasitizing bats from Mexico was made; these were compiled into 2 checklists: parasite–host and host–parasite, following de Luna et al. (2022, 2023, 2024). In both checklists the classification of the bat hosts follows Simmons and Cirranello (2025), and the classification of the ectoparasites follows Usinger (1966) for Cimicidae, Salceda-Sánchez and Hastriter (2006) for Ischnopsyllidae, Hastriter and Méndez (2000) for Tungidae, Dick and Bindokas (2007) for Polyctenidae, Graciolli et al. (2007) for Nycteribiidae, and Dick and Graciolli (2013) for Streblidae.
RESULTS
Parasite–host checklist
Here, the insect ectoparasites are listed alphabetically by order, family, subfamily, genus, and species; the hosts are listed alphabetically by family and species. Following the name of the host, the geographic location at the state level is provided, as well as the corresponding citation. Records of bat-flies, bat-bugs, and bat-fleas in Mexico without a state or a host are mentioned in the remarks section of each taxon; distribution records outside of Mexico are not included.
Phylum ARTHROPODA Latreille, 1829
Subphylum HEXAPODA Latreille, 1825
Class INSECTA Linnaeus, 1758
Order DIPTERA Linnaeus, 1758
Family NYCTERIBIIDAE Samouelle, 1819
This family is divided into 3 subfamilies: Archynycteribiinae, Cyclopodiinae, and Nycteribiinae, with both genera from the Western Hemisphere belonging to the latter subfamily (Peterson and Wenzel, 1983; Graciolli, 2010). All of the members of this family are obligate parasites of bats. It is most diverse in the Eastern Hemisphere, whereas in the Western Hemisphere it is represented by 2 genera: the widely distributed Basilia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903, which can be found in both the Neotropical and Nearctic realms, and Hershkovitzia Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956, which is found in the Neotropical realm; only Basilia is recorded in Mexico. A key to the genera from the Western Hemisphere is presented by Graciolli (2010).
Subfamily Nycteribiinae Samouelle, 1819
Genus Basilia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903
1. Basilia anomala Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956
Vespertilionidae: Rhogeessa tumida from Chiapas (Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956; Theodor, 1967; Guimarães, 1970).
2. Basilia antrozoi (Townsend, 1893)
Vespertilionidae: Antrozous pallidus from Baja California (Ferris, 1924; Theodor, 1967), Coahuila (Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956), Durango (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Nuevo Leon (Moreno-Valdez, 1998, parasite as Basilia antrozi) and “Jaral” (Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956). Myotis californicus from Baja California (Ferris, 1924).
Remarks:
The record from Leptonycteris nivalis from Guerrero (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944) is marked as dubious by Guimarães and D’Andretta (1956). Guimarães (1970) mentions it for Mexico without mentioning a state or host.
3. Basilia bellardii (Rondani, 1878)
Remarks:
It is recorded from Veracruz (Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956; Guimarães, 1970) without mentioning a host.
4. Basilia corynorhini (Ferris, 1916)
Vespertilionidae: Corynorhinus townsendii from Durango (Villegas-Guzman et al., 2005) and Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990). Corynorhinus sp. from Chihuahua (Catalán-Piza, 2001).
5. Basilia forcipata Ferris, 1924
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Sinaloa (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
Vespertilionidae: Myotis thysanodes from San Luis Potosí (Ferris, 1924) and Coahuila (Whitaker and Easterla, 1975). Parastrellus hesperus from Sinaloa (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
6. Basilia hoffmannae Graciolli, Ramírez-Martínez and Reeves, 2021
Vespertilionidae: Myotis carteri from Jalisco (Graciolli et al., 2021).
7. Basilia ortizi Machado-Allison, 1963
Vespertilionidae: Nycticeius humeralis from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
8. Basilia pizonychus Scott, 1939
Vespertilionidae: Myotis vivesi from Baja California (Scott, 1939; Guimarães, 1970).
9. Basilia rondanii Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956). Hylonycteris underwoodi from Veracruz (Guimarães and D’Andretta, 1956). Sturnira parvidens from Colima (Peterson, 1963).
Vespertilionidae: Myotis fortidens from Colima (Graciolli et al., 2021), Jalisco (Graciolli et al., 2021), and Nayarit (Peterson, 1963).
Remarks:
Guimarães (1970) mentions it for Mexico without mentioning a state or host.
10. Basilia traubi Maa, 1968
Vespertilionidae: Myotis sp. from Oaxaca (Maa, 1968).
Family STREBLIDAE Kolenati 1863
This family is divided into 5 subfamilies: Brachytarsininae and Ascodipterinae, both endemic to the Eastern Hemisphere, and Nycterophiliinae, Streblinae, and Trichobiinae, endemic to the Western Hemisphere; it is represented in the Americas by 23 genera, most exclusive to the Neotropics, except for Nycterophilia Ferris, 1916; Paratrichobius Costa Lima, 1921; Strebla Wiedemann, 1824; and Trichobius Gervais, 1844, which can also be found in the Nearctic realm. Streblidae is represented in Mexico by the following genera: Nycterophilia Ferris, 1916 of the subfamily Nycterophiliinae; Anastrebla Wenzel, 1966, Metelasmus Coquillett, 1907, Paraeuctenodes Pessôa and Guimaraes, 1937, and Strebla Wiedemann, 1824 of the subfamily Streblinae; and Anatrichobius Wenzel, 1966, Aspidoptera Coquillett, 1899, Exastinion Wenzel, 1966, Mastoptera Wenzel, 1966, Megistopoda Macquart, 1852, Paratrichobius Costa Lima, 1921, Speiseria Kessel, 1925, and Trichobius Gervais, 1844 of the subfamily Trichobiinae (Wenzel and Peterson, 1983; Dick and Miller, 2010). A key to the genera from the Western Hemisphere is presented by Dick and Miller (2010).
Subfamily Nycterophiliinae Wenzel, 1966
Genus Nycterophilia Ferris, 1916
Undetermined species of this genus were found on Macrotus waterhousii from Morelos (Palacios-Vargas and Morales-Malacara, 1983).
11. Nycterophilia coxata Ferris, 1916
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Hidalgo (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Nuevo Leon (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Puebla (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023), and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus fulvus from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Hoffmann 1953), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Pteronotus mesoamericanus from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Pteronotus psilotis from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Tamaulipas (Morse et al., 2012), and Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Tamaulipas (Morse et al., 2012), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015), Tamaulipas (Hoffmann, 1953), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), and Yucatan (Pearse, 1938).
Phyllostomidae: Anoura geoffroyi from Veracruz (Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016). Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Desmodus rotundus from Puebla (González-Ávalos et al., 2014). Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Leptonycteris sp. from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Hoffmann, 1953; Zamora-Mejías et al., 2020), Colima (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Guerrero (Zamora-Mejías et al., 2020), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018; Zamora-Mejías et al., 2020), Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995; Zamora-Mejías et al., 2020), Nayarit (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Puebla (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Catalán-Piza, 2001; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Queretaro (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Rodríguez-González, 1990), Sonora (Zamora-Mejías et al., 2020), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023). Macrotus californicus from Baja California (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Catalán-Piza, 2001) and the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023). Macrotus waterhousii from Colima (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Guerrero (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944), Morelos (Hoffmann, 1953), Oaxaca (Hoffmann, 1953), and Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012).
Remarks:
Ryckman (1956) mentions this species from a cave in Veracruz, which was inhabited by Glossophaga mutica and Leptonycteris nivalis, without stating a host. Wenzel et al. (1966) described Nycterophilia natali and remarked that some of the material that Hoffmann (1953) recorded as Nycterophilia coxata belonged to that species; however, they did not indicate which specimens (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Baja California, Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Sinaloa without stating a host. Guerrero (1993) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host. Losoya-Solís and Morales-Malacara (1994) mention it for Morelos without stating a host.
12. Nycterophilia fairchildi Wenzel, 1966
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus fulvus from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus psilotis from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018). Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Phyllostomidae: Glossophaga mutica from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019). Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018). Sturnira parvidens from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Sinaloa without stating a host. Guerrero (1993) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
13. Nycterophilia mormoopsis Weenzel, 1936
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Hidalgo (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Nuevo Leon (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Oaxaca (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Puebla (Wenzel, 1976; Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Catalán-Piza, 2001), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), Sinaloa (Wenzel, 1976), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020), and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Puebla (Wenzel, 1976), and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Puebla (Wenzel, 1976).
Phyllostomidae: Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016).
Remarks:
Guerrero (1993) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
14. Nycterophilia natali Wenzel, 1966
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Tamaulipas (Morse et al., 2012), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015).
Phyllostomidae: Leptonycteris sp. from Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017).
Remarks:
See remarks under Nycterophila coxata. Wenzel (1970) and Guerrero (1993) mention it for Mexico without stating a state or a host.
15. Nycterophilia parnelli Wenzel, 1966
Emballonuridae: Balantiopteryx plicata from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016).
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019). Pteronotus fulvus from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), and Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990). Pteronotus mesoamericanus from Tamaulipas (Morse et al., 2012) and Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Pteronotus psilotis from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018). Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), and Yucatan (Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Phyllostomidae: Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), and Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Colima, Guerrero, Sinaloa, and Yucatan without stating a host. Guerrero (1993) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
Subfamily Streblinae Kolenati, 1863
Genus Anastrebla Wenzel, 1966
16. Anastrebla mattadeni Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Carollia perspicillata from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Glossophaga mutica from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
17. Anastrebla modestini Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Anoura geoffroyi from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Estado de México (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019; Rivera-García et al., 2017), Sinaloa (Wenzel et al., 1966), and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Glossophaga mutica from Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024). Leptonycteris sp. from Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017) and Veracruz (Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016).
Vespertilionidae: Myotis velifer from Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Sinaloa, without stating a host. Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Anoura geoffroyi without stating a state. Guerrero (1996) mentions it for Mexico, without stating a state or host.
Genus Metelasmus Coquillett, 1907
18. Metelasmus pseudopterus Coquillett, 1907
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus intermedius from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015). Artibeus jamaicensis from Chiapas (Wenzel et al., 1966; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015; Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Losoya-Solís, 1995; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944), Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017). Artibeus lituratus from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Artibeus sp. from Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995). Dermanura tolteca from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015). Diphylla ecaudata from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015). Echisthenes hartii from Chiapas (Losoya-Solís, 1995) and Jalisco (Wenzel et al., 1966). Sturnira hondurensis from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015) and Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990). Sturnira parvidens from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas and Jalisco without stating a host. Guerrero (1996) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
Genus Paraeuctenodes Pessôa and Guimaraes, 1937
19. Paraeuctenodes longipes Pessôa and Guimaraes, 1937
Phyllostomidae: Carollia perspicillata from Oaxaca (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944) and Veracruz (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944). Choeroniscus godmani from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Oaxaca (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), and Veracruz (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944). Glossophaga sp. from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Sturnira parvidens from Oaxaca (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944) and Veracruz (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
Genus Strebla Wiedemann, 1824
20. Strebla alvarezi Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Glossophaga mutica from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Mimon cozumelae from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Trachops cirrhosus from Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
21. Strebla chrotopteri Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Lonchorhina aurita from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
22. Strebla curvata Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Carollia sowelli from Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023). Glossophaga mutica from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), and Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023). Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019).
23. Strebla diphyllae Wenzel, 1966
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990).
Phyllostomidae: Diphylla ecaudata from Queretaro (Wenzel et al., 1966), San Luis Potosi (Wenzel et al., 1966), Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016), and Yucatan (Bequaert, 1933, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis; Pearse, 1938, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis; Wenzel et al., 1966; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Sturnira sp. from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990).
Vespertilionidae: Eptesicus fuscus from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, and Yucatan without stating a host. Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Diphylla ecaudata without stating a state. Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host. Records from bats other than Diphylla ecaudata are considered a product of cross-contamination.
24. Strebla guajiro (García and Casal, 1965)
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016, as Strebla carollinae). Carollia perspicillata from Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023). Carollia sowelli from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Carollia subrufa from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019). Glossophaga mutica from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970, as Strebla carolliae) mentions it for Chiapas without stating a host. Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
25. Strebla harderi Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Carollia perspicillata from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
26. Strebla hertigi Wenzel 1966
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Carollia sowelli from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Phyllostomus discolor from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
Remarks:
Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
27. Strebla kohlsi Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Lophostoma evotis from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Trachops cirrhosus from Chiapas (Dick et al., 2016, host in this record stated by Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
28. Strebla mirabilis (Waterhouse, 1879)
Molossidae: Molossus nigricans from San Luis Potosí (Hoffmann, 1953, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis) and Tamaulipas (Hoffmann, 1953, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis).
Phyllostomidae: Carollia perspicillata from Quintana Roo (Wolfgang and Polaco, 1985). Carollia sowelli from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Desmodus rotundus from Guerrero (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis), Puebla (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis), Oaxaca (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis; Hoffmann, 1953, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis), and San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann, 1953, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis). Micronycteris sp. from Yucatan (Pearse, 1938, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020).
Remarks:
Ryckman (1956, parasite as Euctenodes mirabilis) mentions this species from a cave in Veracruz, which was inhabited by Glossophaga mutica and Leptonycteris nivalis, without stating a host. Wenzel et al. (1966) record 1 specimen from either Campeche or Yucatan, but without stating a host.
29. Strebla tonatiae (Kessel, 1924)
Phyllostomidae: Desmodus rotundus from Yucatan (Pearse, 1938, parasite as Euctenodes tonatiae).
Remarks:
This record is mentioned as dubious by Hoffmann (1953), see Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015).
30. Strebla wiedemanni Kolenati, 1856
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus intermedius from Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012). Artibeus jamaicensis from Yucatan (Guerrero, 1996). Desmodus rotundus from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015, 2020), Hidalgo (Abundes-Gallegos et al., 2017); Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; González-Ávalos et al., 2014), Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020; Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024).
Remarks:
Kessler (1924) mentioned Strebla vespertilionis (a synonym of Strebla wiedemanni) from Anoura geoffroyi and Platyrrhinus helleri from Mexico without mentioning a state, but the true identity of the parasite is dubious. Similarly, the true identity of the specimens identified by Hoffmann-Mendizabal (1944) and Hoffmann (1953) (in both, parasite as Strebla vespertilionis) is unknown; they were recorded from Anoura geoffroyi and Sturnira parvidens, both from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944), and Anoura geoffroyi from Estado de Mexico (Hoffmann, 1953). Wenzel (1970) mentions this species from Chiapas and Yucatan without stating a host. Webb and Loomis (1977) mention this species from Desmodus rotundus without mentioning a state. As stated by Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015), the record from Artibeus spp. may be cross contamination, as this is a seemingly exclusive parasite of Desmodus rotundus.
Subfamily Trichobiinae Jobling, 1936
Genus Anatrichobius Wenzel, 1966
31. Anatrichobius scorzai Wenzel, 1966
Vespertilionidae: Myotis pilosatibialis from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Myotis volans from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016).
Genus Aspidoptera Coquillett, 1899
32. Aspidoptera delatorrei Wenzel, 1966
Emballonuridae: Balantiopteryx plicata from Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012).
Phyllostomidae: Anoura geoffroyi from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019) and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Artibeus jamaicensis from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), and Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012). Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Carollia sowelli from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Leptonycteris sp. from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990) and Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024). Sturnira hondurensis from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Sturnira parvidens from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Oaxaca (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017).
Vespertilionidae: Myotis pilosatibialis from Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas and Jalisco without stating a host.
33. Aspidoptera falcata Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Sturnira parvidens from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
34. Aspidoptera phyllostomatis (Perty, 1833)
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), and Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Desmodus rotundus from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990). Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Phyllostomus discolor from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Platyrrhinus helleri from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Sturnira parvidens from Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020) and the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970, parasite as Aspidoptera busckii) mentions it for Jalisco without stating a host. Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Artibeus jamaicensis without stating a state. Tlapaya-Romero et al. (2024) mention that their record from Sturnira parvidens might be a cross-contamination.
Genus Exastinion Wenzel, 1966
35. Exastinion clovisi (Pessôa and Guimaraes, 1936)
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995).
Phyllostomidae: Anoura geoffroyi from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Aspidoptera clovisi; Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Estado de Mexico (Hoffmann, 1953, parasite as Aspidoptera clovisi; Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019; Rivera-García et al., 2017), and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Artibeus sp. from Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995). Choeroniscus godmani from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016). Glossophaga mutica from Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024). Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016), Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017), Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995), and Veracruz (Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Sturnira parvidens from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Aspidoptera clovisi).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas, without stating a host. Losoya-Solís and Morales-Malacara (1994) mention it for Morelos, without stating a host. De Groot et al. (2020) mention it from Anoura geoffroyi without mentioning a state.
Genus Mastoptera Wenzel, 1966
36. Mastoptera minuta (Costa Lima, 1921)
Phyllostomidae: Lophostoma nicaraguae from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Lophostoma evotis from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
Genus Megistopoda Macquart, 1852
An undetermined species of this genus was recorded from Artibeus hirsutus from the Baja California Peninsula by Nájera-Cortazar et al. (2023)
37. Megistopoda aranea Coquillett, 1899
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus fulvus from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus intermedius from Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023). Artibeus jamaicensis from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015, 2020; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015; Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944), Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023), and Yucatan (Pearse, 1938, parasite as Pterellipsis araneae; Guerrero, 1996; Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020; Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024). Artibeus lituratus from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Artibeus sp. from Campeche (Hoffmann, 1953, parasite as Pterellipsis araneae), Hidalgo (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995), and Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001). Dermanura phaeotis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Desmodus rotundus from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Phyllostomus discolor from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Platyrrhinus helleri from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Sturnira parvidens from the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023).
Remarks:
Hoffmann (1944, as Megistopoda pilatei) mentions it from Platyrrhinus helleri without mentioning a state. Wenzel (1970) mentions it for “many localities” without stating states or hosts, as well as from Tabasco (parasite as Megistopoda pilatei). Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Artibeus jamaicensis and Platyrrhinus helleri without stating a state.
38. Megistopoda proxima (Séguy, 1926)
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), and Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Carollia sowelli from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016, 2018; Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Centurio senex from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Dermanura phaeotis from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019) and Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Dermanura tolteca from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019) and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Desmodus rotundus from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019). Glossophaga commissarisi from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Glossophaga mutica from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Leptonycteris sp. from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990) and Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024). Sturnira hondurensis from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016, 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Sturnira parvidens from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Trachops cirrhosus from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas and Jalisco without stating a host. Guerrero (1996) mentions it for the country, without stating a state or host. Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2016) mention that the presence of specimens from Carollia sowelli can be the result of cross-contamination. Ramírez-Martínez et al. (2016) mention the presence of 2 undescribed species akin to this taxon from Jalisco from Choeroniscus godmani and Cheronycteris mexicana. Tlapaya-Romero et al. (2024) mention that their record from Leptonycteris sp. (as Leptonycteris nivalis) is a cross contamination.
39. Megistopoda theodori Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Sturnira hondurensis from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016) and Queretaro (Losoya-Solís, 1995). Sturnira sp. from Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995).
Remarks:
The identity of the record from Sturnira hondurensis from Jalisco by Ramírez-Martínez et al. (2016) is questioned by the same authors, as it is likely a species complex.
Genus Noctiliostrebla Wenzel, 1966
40. Noctiliostrebla traubi Wenzel, 1966
Noctilionidae: Noctilio leporinus from Chiapas (Wolfgang and Polaco, 1985) and Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016).
Genus Paradyschiria Speiser, 1900
41.Paradyschiria lineata Kessel, 1925
Noctilionidae: Noctilio leporinus from Chiapas (Wolfgang and Polaco, 1985).
Genus Paratrichobius Costa Lima, 1921
An undetermined species of this genus was recorded in Dermanura azteca from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990). Three undescribed species of this genus were reported by Rodríguez-Martínez et al. (2016) from Jalisco; 1 is akin to Paratrichobius longicrus and was taken from Artibeus jamaicensis; the others were taken from Dermanura azteca. Undetermined specimens were reported from Veracruz from the bats Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Carollia sowelli, Dermanura tolteca, and Sturnira hondurensis by Saldaña-Vázquez et al. (2013). An undetermined species of this genus was recorded from Artibeus hirsutus from the Baja California Peninsula by Nájera-Cortazar et al. (2023). Another undescribed species was recorded from Puebla from Artibeus jamaicensis; in the same state, an undetermined species of the salvini complex was found on Carollia sowelli (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023).
42. Paratrichobius americanus Ross, 1961
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Jalisco (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2023), Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Martínez-Hernández, 2006), and Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990).
43. Paratrichobius dunni Curran, 1935
Phylostomidae: Dermanura tolteca from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Enchisthenes hartii from Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023).
44. Paratrichobius longicrus (Ribeiro, 1907)
Phyllostomidae: Anoura geoffroyi from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019). Artibeus hirsutus from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Artibeus intermedius from Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024). Artibeus jamaicensis from Chiapas (Kuns and Tashian, 1954), Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), and Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Artibeus lituratus from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016, 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Carollia sowelli from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Choeronycteris mexicana from Puebla (Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016). Dermanura azteca from Tlaxcala (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Dermanura phaeotis from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Dermanura tolteca from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Echisthenes hartii from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Leptonycteris sp. from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas and San Luis Potosi without stating a host. Guerrero (1996) mentions it for the country without stating a state or host. Ramírez-Martínez et al. (2016) mention the presence of an undescribed species akin to this taxon from Jalisco from Artibeus jamaicensis.
45. Paratrichobius lowei Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Dermanura tolteca from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Dermanura phaeotis from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
46. Paratrichobius salvini Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Chiroderma salvini from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Platyrrhinus helleri from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), and Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
47. Paratrichobius sanchezi Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Echisthenes hartii from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Platyrrhinus helleri from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Uroderma convexum from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
Genus Speiseria Kessel, 1925
Undetermined species of this genus were found on Natalus mexicanus from Morelos (Palacios-Vargas and Morales-Malacara, 1983).
48. Speiseria ambigua Kessel, 1925
Emballonuridae: Balantiopteryx plicata from Oaxaca (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Tamaulipas (Hoffmann, 1953).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Carollia perspicillata from Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020), and San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944). Carollia sowelli from Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Dermanura tolteca from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Glossophaga morenoi from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Glossophaga mutica from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas without stating a host. Guerrero (1996) mentions it for the country without stating a host.
49. Speiseria magnioculus Wenzel, 1976
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Genus Trichobioides Wenzel, 1966
50. Trichobioides perspicillatus (Pessôa and Galvão, 1937)
Phyllostomidae: Phyllostomus discolor from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017) and Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Oaxaca without stating a host. Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Carollia perspicillata without stating a state. Guerrero (1996) mentions it for the country without stating a state or host.
Genus Trichobius Gervais, 1844
Unidentified specimens of this genus have been recorded in the bats Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia sowelli, Mimon cozumelae, and Trachops cirrhosus from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018); Choeronycteris mexicana from Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012) and Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990); Dermanura phaeotis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019); and Natalus mexicanus from Tamaulipas (Dittmar et al., 2009). Saldaña-Vázquez et al. (2013) mention undetermined species from the bats Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis velifer from Veracruz. Ramírez-Martínez et al. (2016) mention the presence of 2 undescribed species of the genus from Jalisco from Dermanura phaeotis and Hylonycteris underwoodi. De Groot et al. (2020) mention an undescribed species from Choeronycteris mexicana without mentioning a state. Nájera-Cortazar et al. (2023) recorded 2 undetermined species from Mormoops megalophylla and Choeronycteris mexicana from the Baja California Peninsula.
51. Trichobius adamsi Augustson, 1943
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Sonora (Ross, 1959).
Phyllostomidae: Macrotus californicus from Baja California (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944). Macrotus waterhousii from Colima (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Morelos (Hoffmann, 1953), Oaxaca (Hoffmann, 1953), and Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Martínez-Hernández, 2006; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Baja California, Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Sinaloa without stating a host. Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Macrotus californicus without stating a state.
52. Trichobius angulatus Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus sp. from Puebla (Catalán-Piza, 2001).
Remarks:
This record is mentioned as dubious by Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015).
53. Trichobius assimilis Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Dermanura phaeotis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
54. Trichobius bequaerti Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Dermanura tolteca from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013).
55. Trichobius brennani Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Artibeus lituratus from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Centurio senex from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Sturnira parvidens from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020).
Remarks:
Ramírez-Martínez et al. (2016) mention the presence of an undescribed species akin to this taxon from Jalisco from Sturnira parvidens.
56. Trichobius caecus Edwards, 1818
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Pteronotus mesoamericanus from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Tamaulipas (Hoffmann, 1953), San Luis Potosí (Hoffmann, 1953), and Yucatan (Pearse, 1938).
Remarks:
This species was also reported by Hoffmann-Mendizabal (1944) from the state of Guerrero on an unidentified bat.
57. Trichobius corynorhini Cockerell, 1910
Vespertilionidae: Corynorhinus mexicanus from Tlaxcala (Morales-Malacara and López-W., 1998). Corynorhinus townsendii from Guanajuato (Jobling, 1938; Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944) and Hidalgo (Catalán-Piza, 2001). Corynorhinus sp. from Durango (Catalán-Piza, 2001). Myotis thysanodes from Nuevo Leon (Bassols-Batalla et al., 1996). Myotis volans from Coahuila (Whitaker and Easterla, 1975).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chihuahua, Guanajuato, and Nuevo Leon without stating a host.
58. Trichobius costalimai Guimarães, 1937
Phyllostomidae: Phyllostomus discolor from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
59. Trichobius diphyllae Wenzel, 1966
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus fulvus from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019).
Phyllostomidae: Diphylla ecaudata from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), Quintana Roo (Wenzel et al., 1966), Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2016, 2018), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Glossophaga mutica from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Quintana Roo without stating a host. Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
60. Trichobius dugesii Townsend, 1891
Molossidae: Molossus nigricans from San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Trichobius blandus).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Veracruz (Hoffmann, 1953; Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013) and Yucatan (Bequaert, 1933; Pearse, 1938). Carollia perspicillata from San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Trichobius blandus) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Carollia sowelli from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Choeronycteris mexicana from Puebla (Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016). Desmodus rotundus from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Pearse, 1938). Glossophaga commissarisi from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017). Glossophaga morenoi from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Glossophaga mutica from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Guanajuato (Townsend, 1891; Guerrero, 1995), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), Nayarit (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024), Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018), Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), and the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023). Lampronycteris brachyotis from Yucatan (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012). Leptonycterys sp. from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Micronycteris microtis from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Pearse, 1938). Mimon cozumelae from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Sturnira parvidens from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Trachops cirrhosus from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Trichobius blandus) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions this species for Guerrero without stating a host.
61. Trichobius dugesioides Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus lituratus from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Glossophaga mutica from Morelos (Losoya-Solís and Morales-Malacara, 1994). Glossophaga sp. from Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995). Mimon cozumelae from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Trachops cirrhosus from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
Remarks:
Losoya-Solís and Morales-Malacara (1994) mentioned this species for Morelos without stating a host.
62. Trichobius flagellatus Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Lonchorhina aurita from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Mimon cozumelae from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
63. Trichobius furmani Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Sturnira hondurensis from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013).
64. Trichobius galei Wenzel, 1966
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015), Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015).
Phyllostomidae: Desmodus rotundus from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015).
Remarks:
De Groot et al. (2020) mention it from Natalus mexicanus without mentioning a state.
65. Trichobius handleyi Wenzel, 1976
Phylostomidae: Glossophaga commissarisi from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Glossophaga mutica from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
66. Trichobius hirsutulus Bequaert, 1933
Vespertilionidae:Myotis pilosatibialis from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Bequaert, 1933; Jobling, 1938; Wenzel, 1970; Guerrero, 1994; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015).
Remarks:
According to Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015), Wenzel’s (1970) record from Tamaulipas is erroneous.
67. Trichobius hoffmannae Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996) and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus fulvus from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus psilotis from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996) and Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
68. Trichobius intermedius Peterson and Hurka, 1974
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Yucatan (Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2015, 2020; Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), Quintana Roo (Peterson and Hůrka, 1974), Veracruz (Peterson and Hůrka, 1974; Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017; Peterson and Hůrka, 1974; Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024). Artibeus hirsutus from Jalisco (Peterson and Hůrka, 1974) and the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023). Artibeus lituratus from Chipas (Peterson and Hůrka, 1974; Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Artibeus sp. from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996) and Jalisco (Peterson and Hůrka, 1974). Glossophaga mutica from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Nayarit (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Quintana Roo (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020). Sturnira parvidens from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015).
Vespertilionidae: Rhogeessa aenea from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015).
Remarks:
Webb and Loomis (1977) mention it from Artibeus hirsutus and Artibeus lituratus without stating a state. Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host. Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015) mention that the presence of this species from Rhogeessa aenea and Sturnira parvidens is due to cross contamination.
69. Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, 1966
Emballonuridae: Balantiopteryx plicata from Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012).
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015), Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023), and Yucatan (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Artibeus lituratus from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015), Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Carollia perspicillata from Oaxaca (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Quintana Roo (Wolfgang and Polaco, 1985), and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Carollia sowelli from Puebla (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Carollia subrufa from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019). Desmodus rotundus from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015). Diphylla ecaudata from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015). Glossophaga mutica from Chiapas (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2015), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Mimon cozumelae from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Sturnira hondurensis from Oaxaca (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996) and Veracruz (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020; Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Trachops cirrhosus from Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas and Veracruz, without stating a host. Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
70. Trichobius johnsonae Wenzel, 1966
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Pteronotus fulvus from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), and Yucatan (Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024). Pteronotus psilotis from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Phyllostomidae: Desmodus rotundus from Chiapas (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), and Puebla (González-Ávalos et al., 2014). Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018).
71. Trichobius keenani Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Glossophaga commissarisi from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Glossophaga mutica from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
72. Trichobius leionotus Wenzel, 1976
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Nuevo Leon (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Guzmán-Cornejo et al., 2003).
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Nuevo Leon (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), and Puebla (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Catalán-Piza, 2001). Pteronotus fulvus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus psilotis from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016).
73. Trichobius longipes Wenzel, 1966
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Puebla (Martínez-Hernández, 2006).
74. Trichobius longipilis Wenzel, 1976
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016)
75. Trichobius macroti Peterson and Hůrka, 1974
Phyllostomidae: Macrotus californicus from Baja California Sur (Catalán-Piza, 2001).
76. Trichobius major Coquillett, 1899
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Ciudad de Mexico (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944), Morelos (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944), and Nuevo Leon (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Estado de Mexico (Hoffmann, 1953). Leptonycteris sp. from Guerrero (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
Vespertilionidae: Myotis velifer from Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017). Myotis pilosatibialis from Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023). Myotis sp. from Durango (Catalán-Piza, 2001).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Ciudad de Mexico, Guerrero, Michoacan, Morelos, and Nuevo Leon without stating a host. Guerrero (1994) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host.
77. Trichobius mexicanus Tlapaya-Romero, García-Méndez and Ramírez-Martínez, 2023
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Jalisco (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2023) and Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024).
78. Trichobius pallidus (Curran, 1934)
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus mesoamericanus from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013).
Phyllostomidae: Carollia sowelli from Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013). Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016) and Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013).
Remarks:
Guerrero (1994) mentions that this species is a specialist parasite of Furipteridae; re-examination of this material is needed to corroborate these records.
79. Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus mesoamericanus from Veracruz (Zapata-Mesa et al., 2023).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016), Puebla (Barrientos-Martínez, 2012), and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Centurio senex from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Chrotopterus auritus from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Desmodus rotundus from Chiapas (Kuns and Tashian, 1954; Lira-Olguín et al., 2015, 2020), Guerrero (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Barrera, 1958), Hidalgo (Catalán-Piza, 2001; Abundes-Gallegos et al., 2017), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Michoacan (Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2019), Morelos (Hoffmann et al., 1980; Palacios-Vargas and Morales-Malacara, 1983), Oaxaca (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Hoffmann, 1953; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Catalán-Piza, 2001; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024; González-Ávalos et al., 2014), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Hoffmann, 1953), Veracruz (Saldaña-Vázquez et al., 2013; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Pearse, 1938; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015; Bolívar-Cimé et al., 2017; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020; Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024). Diphylla ecaudata from Yucatan (Bequaert, 1933). Glossophaga mutica from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019).
Remarks:
Ryckman (1956) mentioned this species from a cave in Tabasco without stating a host; however, this cave was inhabited by Balantiopteryx plicata and Desmodus rotundus. Webb and Loomis (1977) stated that this species is associated with Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, without stating a state. Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, and Yucatán without stating a host. Guerrero (1995) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host. Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015) mention that the presence of this species on Artibeus jamaicensis, Centurio senex, and Chrotopterus auritus is due to cross contamination.
80. Trichobius sparsus Kessel, 1925
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024). Pteronotus fulvus from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024). Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Phyllostomidae: Glossophaga mutica from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016). Vampyrodes major from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018).
81. Trichobius sphaeronotus Jobling, 1939
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990).
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016) and Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Myotis velifer from Michoacan (Rivera-García et al., 2017). Pteronotus fulvus from Chiapas (Hoffmann, 1953) and Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Pteronotus psilotis from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018). Pteronotus sp. from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018) and Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Leptonycteris sp. from Colima (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Guerrero (Losoya-Solís, 1995), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Michoacan (Guerrero, 1994; Losoya-Solís, 1995; Rivera-García et al., 2017), Morelos (Hoffmann et al., 1980; Palacios-Vargas and Morales-Malacara, 1983; Losoya-Solís, 1995), Nayarit (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Nuevo Leon (Jobling, 1939; Wenzel, 1970; Guerrero, 1994; Losoya-Solís, 1995), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Losoya-Solís, 1995; Barrientos-Martínez, 2012; Catalán-Piza, 2001; Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016), Queretaro (Rodríguez-González, 1990), San Luis Potosi (Catalán-Piza, 2001), Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Hernández-Arciga et al., 2016; Orta-Pineda et al., 2020; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and the Baja California Peninsula (Nájera-Cortazar et al., 2023). Macrotus californicus from Baja California (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
Remarks:
This species was recorded from Nuevo Leon by Hoffmann (1953) on an undetermined bat. Ryckman (1956) mentions this species from a cave in Veracruz, which was inhabited by Glossophaga mutica and Leptonycteris nivalis, without stating a host. Losoya-Solís and Morales-Malacara (1994) mention it for Morelos without stating a host. De Groot et al. (2020) mention it from Leptonycteris nivalis without mentioning a state.
82. Trichobius tuttlei Wenzel, 1976
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020). Phyllostomus discolor from Veracruz (Orta-Pineda et al., 2020).
83. Trichobius uniformis Curran, 1935
Emballonuridae: Saccopteryx bilineata from Chiapas (Hoffmann, 1953).
Molossidae: Molossus nigricans from San Luis Potosi (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944) and Tamaulipas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944).
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus fulvus from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Pteronotus sp. from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Choeroniscus godmani from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Dermanura phaeotis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Glossophaga morenoi from Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018). Glossophaga mutica from Chiapas (Colín-Martínez et al., 2017), Colima (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Jalisco (Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019), Nayarit (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2024) Veracruz (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018; Trujillo-Pahua and Ibáñez-Bernal, 2020), and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Lira-Olguín et al., 2020). Glossophaga sp. from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018) and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Chiapas and Yucatan, without stating a host. Guerrero (1994) mentions it for Mexico, without stating a state or host.
84. Trichobius yunkeri Wenzel, 1966
Mormoopidae: Mormoops megalophylla from Puebla (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus fulvus from Jalisco (Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018; Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Pteronotus mesoamericanus from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Pteronotus psilotis from Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019) and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996). Pteronotus sp. from Chiapas (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996), Guerrero (Losoya-Solís, 1995), Jalisco (Losoya-Solís, 1995; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2016; Zarazúa-Carbajal et al., 2016; Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018), Morelos (Losoya-Solís, 1995), Oaxaca (Tlapaya-Romero et al., 2019), Puebla (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Ramírez-Martínez et al., 2023), Sinaloa (Losoya-Solís, 1995), Yucatan (Losoya-Solís, 1995; Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Montes de Oca-Aguilar et al., 2024), and Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996; Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2018)
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Veracruz (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996) and Yucatan (Guerrero and Morales-Malacara, 1996).
Phyllostomidae: Artibeus jamaicensis from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019) and Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Choeroniscus godmani from Jalisco (Hernández-Martínez et al., 2019). Desmodus rotundus from Puebla (González-Ávalos et al., 2014). Glossophaga mutica from Yucatan (Cuxim-Koyoc et al., 2015). Leptonycteris sp. from Jalisco (Salinas-Ramos et al., 2018) and Nayarit (Lira-Olguín et al., 2020).
Remarks:
Wenzel (1970) mentions it for Guerrero, Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Yucatan, without stating a host. Guerrero (1994) mentions it for Mexico without stating a state or host. Cuxim-Koyoc et al. (2015) mention that the presence of specimens from Artibeus jamaicensis and Glossophaga mutica is from cross-contamination.
Order HEMIPTERA Linnaeus, 1758
Family CIMICIDAE Latreille, 1802
This family is divided into 6 subfamilies: Afromicinae and Cacodminae, endemic to the Eastern Hemisphere; Cimicinae, found in both hemispheres; and Latrocimicinae, Haematosiphoninae, and Primicimicinae, endemic to the Western Hemisphere. There are 13 genera found in the Western Hemisphere, 5 of which have been recorded in Mexico: Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 (Cimicinae), parasites of bats and humans; Primicimex Barber, 1941 (Primicimicinae), parasites of bats; and Oeciacus Stål, 1873 (Cimicinae), Haematosiphon Champion, 1900, and Hesperocimex List, 1925 (Haematosiphoninae), parasites of birds (Usinger, 1966; Schuh and Slater, 1995; Sakamoto et al., 2006). A key to the world taxa (subfamilies, genera, and species) is presented by Usinger (1966).
Subfamily Cimicinae Latreille, 1802
Genus Cimex Linnaeus, 1758
85. Cimex hemipterus (J.C. Fabricius, 1803)
Vespertilionidae: Myotis extremus from Yucatan (Pearse, 1938).
86. Cimex incrassatus Usinger and Ueshima, 1965
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from “Santiago” (Usinger, 1966, likely from Nuevo Leon).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Ciudad de Mexico (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Cimex pilosellus; Hoffmann, 1972).
Vespertilionidae: Antrozous pallidus from Sonora (Polaco et al., 1994, parasite as Cimex pilosellus). Eptesicus sp. from Puebla (Usinger and Ueshima, 1965; Usinger, 1966). Myotis thysanodes from Baja California (Usinger, 1966). Parastrellus hesperus from Nuevo Leon (Usinger and Ueshima, 1965; Usinger, 1966; Polaco et al., 1994, parasite as Cimex pilosellus). Rhogeessa tumida from Veracruz (Polaco et al., 1994, parasite as Cimex pilosellus).
Remarks:
Also mentioned from an unidentified bat from Baja California (Usinger, 1966). The illustrations from Hoffmann-Mendizabal (1944) and Hoffmann (1972), along with the measurements provided by Polaco et al. (1994), suggest that the specimens may be Cimex incrassatus, a species characterized by a pronotum more than 1.6 times the width of the head (Usinger, 1966).
87. Cimex pilosellus (Horvath, 1912)
Vespertilionidae: Eptesicus fuscus from Chihuahua (Villegas-Guzmán et al., 2003). Myotis californicus from Ciudad de Mexico (Villegas-Guzmán et al., 2003). Myotis ciliolabrum from Chihuahua (Villegas-Guzmán et al., 2003). Myotis volans from Ciudad de Mexico (Villegas-Guzmán et al., 2003).
Remarks:
Villegas-Guzmán et al. (2003) mentioned this species associated with several bats from Mexico, however, unlike Hoffmann-Mendizabal (1944), Hoffmann (1972), and Polaco et al. (1994), these authors did not provide any illustration nor measurements that could lead to the corroboration of the identity of the species of bug; we recommend that the material be examined to determine its true identity.
Subfamily Primicimicinae Ferris and Usinger, 1955
Genus Primicimex Barber, 1941
88. Primicimex cavernis Barber, 1941
Remarks:
This bat-bug has been mentioned for Michoacan (Ueshima, 1968; Sakamoto et al., 2006; Roth et al., 2023), Sonora (Roth et al., 2023), and Yucatan (Ueshima, 1968; Roth et al., 2023). It has not been observed feeding on bats in the wild; however, experimental trials showed that this species could be a specialist parasite of Tadarida brasiliensis (Ueshima, 1968).
Family POLYCTENIDAE Westwood, 1874
This family is divided into 2 subfamilies: Polycteninae, which includes 4 genera from the Eastern Hemisphere; and Hesperocteninae, which includes the genus Hesperoctenes Kirkaldy, 1906, native to the Western Hemisphere and present in Mexico (Ueshima, 1972; Schuh and Slater, 1995). All of the members of this family are specialist parasites of bats.
Subfamily Hesperocteninae Maa, 1964
Genus Hesperoctenes Kirkaldy, 1906
89. Hesperoctenes fumarius (Westwood, 1874)
Molossidae: Molossus nigricans from Chiapas (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944; Hoffmann, 1972).
Order SIPHONAPTERA Latreille, 1825
Family ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE Wahlgren, 1907
This family is divided into 2 subfamilies, Ischnopsyllinae, found in both hemispheres, and Thaumapsyllinae, found only in the Eastern Hemisphere. There are 6 genera recorded in North America: Nycteridopsylla Oudemans, 1906, which is found in the Nearctic and Palearctic realms; Hormopsylla Rothschild, 1921, Myodopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1911 and Sternopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1921, found both in the Nearctic and Neotropical realms; and Rothschildopsylla Guimarães, 1953 and Ptilopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1921, found in the Neotropical realm (Lewis and Lewis, 1994; Salceda-Sánchez and Hastriter, 2006). All of the members of this family are obligate parasites of bats. A key to the Nearctic genera is found in the work of Lewis and Lewis (1994), and a key to the Mexican genera is found in the work of Acosta and Morrone (2003).
Subfamily Ischnopsyllinae Wahlgren, 1907
Genus Hormopsylla Rothschild, 1921
90. Hormopsylla kyriophila Tipton and Mendez, 1966
Molossidae: Nyctinomops laticaudatus from Veracruz (Smit, 1971).
91. Hormopsylla trux Jordan, 1950
Molossidae: Nyctinomops macrotis from Ciudad de Mexico (Morales-Muciño, 1983; Ayala-Barajas et al., 1988).
Genus Myodopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1911
An undetermined species was recorded from Ciudad de Mexico from Natalus mexicanus (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1988).
92. Myodopsylla collinsi Kohls, 1937
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Estado de Mexico (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi) and Morelos (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi; Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998).
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Ciudad de Mexico (Barrera, 1953).
Natalidae: Natalus mexicanus from Ciudad de Mexico (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi; Barrera, 1953), Estado de Mexico (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi; Barrera, 1953), and Morelos (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi).
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Ciudad de Mexico (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi).
Vespertilionidae: Corynorhinus mexicanus from Tlaxcala (Morales-Malacara and López-W., 1990). Myotis velifer from Estado de Mexico (da Costa-Lima, 1938, parasite as Myodopsylla diasi; Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944). Myotis thysanodes from Nuevo Leon (Bassols-Batalla et al., 1996). Myotis sp. from Ciudad de Mexico (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998) and Guanajuato (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998).
Remarks:
This species was mentioned for Coahuila from bat guano (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998) and for Estado de Mexico (Hopkins and Rothschild, 1956; Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998), Michoacán (Hopkins and Rothschild, 1956; Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998), and Morelos (Hopkins and Rothschild, 1956) from undetermined bat hosts. It was mentioned from undisclosed localities in Mexico by da Costa-Lima and Hathaway (1946) and Vargas (1951).
93. Myodopsylla gentilis Jordan and Rothschild, 1921
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Ciudad de Mexico (Barrera, 1954; Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998).
Remarks:
This species was mentioned for San Luis Potosi from bat guano by Reddell (1981).
94. Myodopsylla globata Holland, 1971
Remarks:
Holland described this species from Chiapas; however, it is uncertain if the host is Myotis velifer or Tadarida brasiliensis (Holland, 1971). This species was mentioned for Tabasco from bat guano (Reddell, 1981), and for Oaxaca without stating a host (Morrone and Gutiérrez, 2005).
95. Myodopsylla nordina Traud and Hoff, 1951
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Morelos (Barrera, 1954).
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Morelos (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998).
Vespertilionidae: Rhogeessa gracilis from Puebla (Martínez-Hernández, 2006).
96. Myodopsylla palposa (Rothschild, 1904)
Vespertilionidae: Antrozous pallidus from Durango (Morales-Muciño, 1983).
Genus Ptilopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1921
97. Ptilopsylla leptina Jordan and Rothschild, 1921
Molossidae: Molossus nigricans from Veracruz (Smit, 1971; Morales-Muciño, 1983). Nyctinomops laticaudatus from Veracruz (Smit, 1971; Morales-Muciño and Llorente-Bousquets, 1986).
Remarks:
In all the previously cited works, this species is mentioned as Ptilopsina leptina stubbei.
Genus Rothschildopsylla Guimarães, 1953
98. Rothschildopsylla noctilionis (da Costa-Lima, 1920)
Molossidae: Nyctinomops laticaudatus from Veracruz (Smit, 1971; Morales-Muciño, 1983; Morales-Muciño and Llorente-Bousquets, 1986).
Genus Sternopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1921
99. Sternopsylla distincta (Rothschild, 1903)
Molossidae: Tadarida brasiliensis from Morelos (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998; Guzmán-Cornejo et al., 2003; in both, parasite as Sternopsylla distincta texana) and Sinaloa (Hoffmann-Mendizabal, 1944, parasite as Sternopsylla texana).
Mormoopidae: Pteronotus sp. from Ciudad de Mexico (Barrera, 1953, parasite as Sternopsylla distincta texana).
Phyllostomidae: Choeronycteris mexicana from Ciudad de Mexico (Ayala-Barajas et al., 1998, parasite as Sternopsylla distincta texana). Leptonycteris sp. from Nuevo Leon (Fox, 1939, parasite as Sternopsylla texana; Ayala-Barajas et al., 1988, parasite as Sternopsylla distincta texana).
Remarks:
This species was recorded from bat guano in Nuevo Leon (Reddell, 1981, parasite as Sternopsyllus distincta texana). It was also mentioned for Michoacan and Nuevo Leon without stating a host (Traub, 1950, as Sternopsylla texana), and from undisclosed localities in Mexico by da Costa-Lima and Hathaway (1946) and Vargas (1951), in both as Sternopsylla distincta texana.
Family TUNGIDAE Fox, 1925
This family is comprised of 2 genera, Hectopsylla Frauenfeld, 1860, found in the Western Hemisphere, and Tunga Jarocki, 1838, found in both hemispheres. Only 1 species of this family is known to parasitize bats. A key that includes both genera is found in the work of Acosta and Morrone (2003).
Genus Hectopsylla Frauenfeld, 1860
100. Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880)
Molossidae: Eumops perotis from Coahuila (Whitaker and Easterla, 1975, parasite as Rhynchopsyllus pulex) and an undisclosed locality (Hastriter and Méndez, 2000).
Phyllostomidae: Leptonycteris sp. from Hidalgo (Pelaez et al., 1974, parasite as Rhynchopsyllus sp.).
HOST–PARASITE CHECKLIST
Here, the hosts are listed alphabetically by family and species, and the ectoparasites are listed alphabetically by order (DIP = Diptera; HEM = Hemiptera; SIP = Siphonaptera) and species. Insects not identified to species level are not included (see remarks under each family and genus, as well as the discussion section).
EMBALLONURIDAE Gervais, 1855
Balantiopteryx plicata Peters, 1867
DIP:
Aspidoptera delatorrei, Nycterophilia parnelli, Speiseria ambigua, Trichobius joblingi
Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838)
DIP:
Trichobius uniformis
MOLOSSIDAE Gervais, 1855
Eumops perotis (Schinz, 1821)
SIP:
Hectopsylla pulex
Molossus nigricans Miller, 1902
DIP:
Strebla mirabilis, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius uniformis
HEM:
Hesperoctenes fumarius
SIP:
Ptilopsylla leptina
Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1805)
SIP:
Hormopsylla kyriophila, Ptilopsylla leptina, Rothschildopsylla noctilionis
Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray, 1839)
SIP:
Hormopsylla trux
Tadarida brasiliensis (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1824)
DIP:
Basilia forcipata, Megistopoda proxima, Nycterophilia natali, Strebla diphyllae, Trichobius adamsi, Trichobius leionotus, Trichobius sphaeronotus
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi, Myodopsylla nordina, Sternopsylla distincta
MORMOOPIDAE Saussure, 1860
Mormoops megalophylla (Peters, 1864)
DIP:
Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia mormoopsis, Nycterophilia parnelli, Trichobius galei, Trichobius hoffmannae, Trichobius johnsonae, Trichobius leionotus, Trichobius sparsus, Trichobius sphaeronotus, Trichobius yunkeri
Pteronotus fulvus (Thomas, 1892)
DIP:
Megistopoda aranea, Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia parnelli, Trichobius diphyllae, Trichobius hoffmannae, Trichobius johnsonae, Trichobius leionotus, Trichobius sparsus, Trichobius sphaeronotus, Trichobius uniformis, Trichobius yunkeri
Pteronotus mesoamericanus Smith, 1972
DIP:
Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia parnelli, Trichobius caecus, Trichobius pallidus, Trichobius parasiticus, Trichobius yunkeri
Pteronotus psilotis (Dobson, 1878)
DIP:
Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia parnelli, Trichobius hoffmannae, Trichobius johnsonae, Trichobius leionotus, Trichobius sphaeronotus, Trichobius yunkeri
Pteronotus sp.
DIP: Exastinion clovisi, Megistopoda aranea, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia mormoopsis, Nycterophilia parnelli, Trichobius caecus, Trichobius hoffmannae, Trichobius intermedius, Trichobius joblingi, Trichobius johnsonae, Trichobius longipilis, Trichobius sparsus, Trichobius sphaeronotus, Trichobius uniformis, Trichobius yunkeri
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi, Sternopsylla distincta
NATALIDAE Gray, 1866
Natalus mexicanus Miller, 1902
DIP:
Megistopoda proxima, Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia mormoopsis, Nycterophilia natali, Nycterophilia parnelli, Speiseria ambigua, Speiseria magnioculus, Trichobius caecus, Trichobius galei, Trichobius hoffmannae, Trichobius johnsonae, Trichobius major, Trichobius sparsus, Trichobius yunkeri
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi
NOCTILIONIDAE Gray, 1821
Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
DIP:
Noctiliostrebla traubi, Paradyschiria lineata
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Gray, 1825
Anoura geoffroyi Gray, 1838
DIP:
Anastrebla modestini, Aspidoptera delatorrei, Exastinion clovisi, Nycterophilia coxata, Paratrichobius longicrus
Artibeus hirsutus Andersen, 1906
DIP:
Paratrichobius longicrus, Trichobius intermedius
Artibeus intermedius J.A. Allen, 1897
DIP:
Megistopoda aranea, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Paratrichobius longicrus, Strebla wiedemanni
Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821
DIP:
Anastrebla mattadeni, Aspidoptera delatorrei, Aspidoptera falcata, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Basilia rondanii, Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Nycterophilia coxata, Paratrichobius longicrus, Speiseria ambigua, Strebla guajiro, Strebla hertigi, Strebla joblingi, Strebla wiedemanni, Trichobius assimilis, Trichobius brennani, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius intermedius, Trichobius joblingi, Trichobius parasiticus, Trichobius sphaeronotus, Trichobius tuttlei, Trichobius uniformis, Trichobius yunkeri
Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818)
DIP:
Aspidoptera delatorrei, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Nycterophilia coxata, Paratrichobius longicrus, Paratrichobius lowei, Trichobius assimilis, Trichobius brennani, Trichobius dugesioides, Trichobius intermedius, Trichobius joblingi
Artibeus sp.
DIP:
Exastinion clovisi, Megistopoda aranea, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Trichobius angulatus, Trichobius intermedius
Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)
DIP:
Anastrebla mattadeni, Paraeuctenodes longipes, Speiseria ambigua, Strebla guajiro, Strebla harderi, Strebla mirabilis, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius joblingi
Carollia sowelli Baker, Solari and Hoffmann, 2002
DIP:
Aspidoptera delatorrei, Megistopoda proxima, Paratrichobius longicrus, Speiseria ambigua, Strebla curvata, Strebla guajiro, Strebla hertigi, Strebla mirabilis, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius joblingi, Trichobius pallidus
Carollia subrufa (Hahn, 1905)
DIP:
Strebla guajiro, Trichobius joblingi
Centurio senex Gray, 1842
DIP:
Megistopoda proxima, Trichobius brennani, Trichobius parasiticus
Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878
DIP:
Paratrichobius salvini
Choeroniscus godmani (Thomas, 1903)
DIP:
Exastinion clovisi, Paraeuctenodes longipes, Trichobius uniformis, Trichobius yunkeri
Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, 1844
DIP:
Paratrichobius americanus, Paratrichobius longicrus, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius longipes, Trichobius major, Trichobius mexicanus
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi, Myodopsylla gentilis, Myodopsylla nordina, Sternopsylla distincta
Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856)
DIP:
Trichobius parasiticus
Dermanura azteca (K. Andersen, 1906)
DIP:
Paratrichobius longicrus
Dermanura phaeotis Miller, 1902
DIP:
Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Paratrichobius longicrus, Paratrichobius lowei, Trichobius assimilis, Trichobius uniformis
Dermanura tolteca (Saussure, 1860)
DIP:
Megistopoda proxima, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Paratrichobius dunni, Paratrichobius longicrus, Paratrichobius lowei, Speiseria ambigua, Trichobius bequaerti
Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1810)
DIP:
Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Nycterophilia coxata, Strebla mirabilis, Strebla tonatiae, Strebla wiedemanni, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius galei, Trichobius joblingi, Trichobius johnsonae, Trichobius parasiticus, Trichobius yunkeri
Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823
DIP:
Metelasmus pseudopterus, Strebla diphyllae, Trichobius diphyllae, Trichobius joblingi, Trichobius parasiticus
Echisthenes hartii (Thomas, 1892)
DIP:
Metelasmus pseudopterus, Paratrichobius dunni, Paratrichobius longicrus, Paratrichobius sanchezi
Glossophaga commissarisi Gardner, 1962
DIP:
Megistopoda proxima, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius handleyi, Trichobius keenani
Glossophaga morenoi Martínez and Villa-R., 1938
DIP:
Speiseria ambigua, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius uniformis
Glossophaga mutica Merriam, 1898
DIP:
Anastrebla mattadeni, Anastrebla modestini, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Exastinion clovisi, Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia mormoopsis, Paraeuctenodes longipes, Speiseria ambigua, Strebla alvarezi, Strebla curvata, Strebla diphyllae, Strebla guajiro, Trichobius diphyllae, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius dugesioides, Trichobius furmani, Trichobius handleyi, Trichobius intermedius, Trichobius joblingi, Trichobius keenani, Trichobius pallidus, Trichobius parasiticus, Trichobius sparsus, Trichobius uniformis, Trichobius yunkeri
Glossophaga sp.
DIP:
Paraeuctenodes longipes, Trichobius dugesioides, Trichobius uniformis
Hylonycteris underwoodi Thomas, 1903
DIP:
Basilia rondanii
Lampronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1879)
DIP:
Trichobius dugesii
Leptonycteris sp.
DIP:
Anastrebla modestini, Aspidoptera delatorrei, Exastinion clovisi, Strebla curvata, Megistopoda proxima, Nycterophilia coxata, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Nycterophilia natali, Nycterophilia parnelli, Paratrichobius longicrus, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius major, Trichobius sphaeronotus, Trichobius uniformis, Trichobius yunkeri
SIP:
Hectopsylla pulex, Sternopsylla distincta
Lonchorhina aurita Tomes, 1863
DIP:
Strebla chrotopteri, Trichobius flagellatus
Lophostoma evotis (Davis and Carter, 1978)
DIP:
Mastoptera minuta, Strebla kohlsi
Lophostoma nicaraguae (Goodwin, 1942)
DIP:
Mastoptera minuta
Macrotus californicus Baird, 1858
DIP:
Nycterophilia coxata, Trichobius adamsi, Trichobius macroti, Trichobius sphaeronotus
Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843
DIP:
Nycterophilia coxata, Trichobius adamsi
Micronycteris microtis Miller, 1898
DIP:
Trichobius dugesii
Micronycteris sp.
DIP:
Strebla mirabilis
Mimon cozumelae Goldman, 1914
DIP:
Strebla alvarezi, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius dugesioides, Trichobius flagellatus, Trichobius joblingi
Phyllostomus discolor Wagner, 1843
DIP:
Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Megistopoda aranea, Strebla hertigi, Trichobioides perspicillatus, Trichobius costalimai, Trichobius tuttlei
Platyrrhinus helleri (Peters, 1866)
DIP:
Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Megistopoda aranea, Paratrichobius salvini, Paratrichobius sanchezi
Sturnira hondurensis Goodwin, 1940
DIP:
Aspidoptera delatorrei, Aspidoptera falcata, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Exastinion clovisi, Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Megistopoda theodori, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Paratrichobius sanchezi, Speiseria ambigua, Strebla mirabilis, Trichobius assimilis, Trichobius bequaerti, Trichobius brennani, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius furmani, Trichobius joblingi
Sturnira parvidens Goldman, 1917
DIP:
Aspidoptera delatorrei, Aspidoptera falcata, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Basilia rondanii, Exastinion clovisi, Megistopoda aranea, Megistopoda proxima, Metelasmus pseudopterus, Nycterophilia fairchildi, Paraeuctenodes longipes, Trichobius brennani, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius intermedius
Sturnira sp.
DIP:
Megistopoda theodori, Strebla diphyllae
Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823)
DIP:
Megistopoda proxima, Strebla alvarezi, Strebla kohlsi, Trichobius dugesii, Trichobius dugesioides, Trichobius joblingi
Uroderma convexum Lyon, 1902
DIP:
Paratrichobius sanchezi
Vampyrodes major Allen, 1908
DIP:
Trichobius sparsus
VESPERTILIONIDAE Gray, 1821
Antrozous pallidus (Le Conte, 1856)
DIP:
Basilia antrozoi
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
SIP:
Myodopsylla palposa
Corynorhinus mexicanus G. M. Allen, 1916
DIP:
Trichobius corynorhini
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi
Corynorhinus townsendii (Cooper, 1837)
DIP:
Basilia corynorhini, Trichobius corynorhini
Corynorhinus sp.
DIP:
Basilia corynorhini, Trichobius corynorhini
Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796)
DIP:
Strebla diphyllae
HEM:
Cimex pilosellus
Eptesicus sp.
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
Myotis californicus (Audubon and Bachman, 1842)
DIP:
Basilia antrozoi
HEM:
Cimex pilosellus
Myotis carteri LaVal, 1973
DIP:
Basilia hoffmannae
Myotis ciliolabrum Merriam, 1886
HEM:
Cimex pilosellus
Myotis fortidens Miller and Allen, 1928
DIP:
Basilia rondanii
Myotis extremus Miller and Allen, 1928
HEM:
Cimex hemipterus
Myotis pilosatibialis La Val, 1963
DIP:
Anatrichobius scorzai, Aspidoptera delatorrei, Trichobius hirsutulus, Trichobius major
Myotis thysanodes Miller, 1897
DIP:
Basilia forcipata, Trichobius corynorhini
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi
Myotis vivesi Menegaux, 1901
DIP:
Basilia pizonychus
Myotis velifer (J. A. Allen, 1890)
DIP:
Anastrebla modestini, Trichobius sphaeronotus
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi
Myotis volans (H. Allen, 1866)
DIP:
Anatrichobius scorzai, Trichobius corynorhini
HEM:
Cimex pilosellus
Myotis sp.
DIP:
Basilia traubi, Trichobius major
SIP:
Myodopsylla collinsi
Nycticeius humeralis (Rafinesque, 1818)
DIP:
Basilia ortizi
Parastrellus hesperus (H. Allen, 1864)
DIP:
Basilia forcipata
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
Rhogeessa aenea Goodwin, 1958
DIP:
Trichobius intermedius
Rhogeessa gracilis Miller, 1897
SIP:
Myodopsylla nordina
Rhogeessa tumida H. Allen, 1866
DIP:
Basilia anomala
HEM:
Cimex incrassatus
DISCUSSION
Gerberg and Goble (1941) mentioned the chewing louse Geomydoecus geomydis (Osborn, 1891) (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) for Leptonycteris nivalis from Nuevo Leon; this louse naturally occurs on gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae). This record likely came from a labeling error in the collected material, as lice do not naturally occur on bats.
Because of problems and subsequent changes associated with the taxonomic status of Pteronotus parnellii (Pavan and Marroig, 2016) and Leptonycteris spp. (Arita and Humphrey, 1988), they were left as Pteronotus sp. and Leptonycteris sp.
Nájera-Cortazar et al. (2023) found several putative new genetic lineages in the Baja California Peninsula: 3 for the genus Basilia (Nycteribiidae) in the bats Antrozous pallidus, Myotis vivesi, and Myotis yumanensis; 1 for the family Streblidae akin to Trichobius sparsus from the bat Myotis californicus; and 4 for the genus Cimex (Cimicidae) from the bats Antrozous pallidus, Myotis californicus, and Parastrellus hesperus. Morphological re-examination of the specimens is needed to determine if they merit description as a new species.
This study revealed that ∼48% of the Mexican bat diversity has been studied regarding insect ectoparasites, highlighting an information gap of ∼52%; therefore, there is a need for more research to address to this lack of information, this could be done by monitoring in a wider variety of ecosystems and the use of more capture methods.
CONCLUSIONS
One hundred species of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Insecta) were registered as ectoparasites of Mexican bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). These are divided into 3 orders, each represented by 2 families: Diptera with Nycteribiidae with 1 genus and 10 species (genus Basilia [10 spp.]), and Streblidae with 16 genera and 74 species (genera Anastrebla [2 sp.], Anatrichobius [1 sp.], Aspidoptera [3 spp.], Exastinion [1 sp.], Mastoptera [1 sp.], Megistopoda [3 spp.], Metelasmus [1 sp.], Noctiliostrebla [1 sp.], Nycterophilia [5 spp.], Paradyschiria [1 sp.], Paraeuctenodes [1 sp.], Paratrichobius [6 spp.], Speiseria [2 spp.], Strebla [11 spp.], Trichobioides [1 sp.], and Trichobius [34 spp.]), being the most speciose family among the insect ectoparasites of Mexican bats. Hemiptera with Cimicidae with 2 genera and 4 species (genera Cimex [3 spp.] and Primicimex [1 sp.]), and Polyctenidae with 1 genus and 1 species (genus Hesperoctenes [1 sp.]). Finally, Siphonaptera with Ischnopsyllidae with 5 genera and 10 species (genera Hormopsylla [2 spp.], Myodopsylla [5 spp.], Ptilopsylla [1 sp.], Rothschildopsylla [1 sp.], and Sternopsylla [1 sp.]) and Tungidae with 1 genus and 1 species (genus Hectopsylla [1 sp.]).
Sixty-nine species of Mexican bats (not including those not identified to species level) are recorded to be parasitized by insects, which is ∼48% of the total diversity of Mexican bat species; the families represented are Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (5 spp.), Mormoopidae (4 spp.), Natalidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (1 sp.), Phyllostomidae (38 spp.) and Vespertilionidae (19 spp.); no ectoparasite records were found for the single species of the family Thyropteridae recorded for the country.
Insect ectoparasites of Mexican bats, in situ. (a) Bat-bug Cimex sp. (Cimicidae) on Antrozous pallidus (Vespertilionidae) from Nuevo Leon. Photo by Daniel Montoya Ferrer. (b) Bat-fly Megistopoda sp. (Streblidae) on Sturnira hondurensis (Phyllostomidae) from Tamaulipas. Photo by Marco Zozaya. (c) Chiggerflea Hectopsylla pulex (Tungidae) on Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Phyllostomidae) from Arizona. Photo by Michael W. Hastriter and Ambre Delpopolo. Color version available online.
Contributor Notes